David Lynch's cinema

The news of David Lynch passing away on Jan 15, 2025 came as a shock especially since I had hoped that he was secretly working on one last feature. A final film that I hoped would have combined the creative worlds of Twin Peaks and Mulholland Drive. But not to be.

David Lynch was a filmmaker unlike any other and his legacy will continue forever especially since his unique style labeled as Lynchian is often used to describe other films or cinematic scenarios.

He is also the rare filmmaker whose films I saw entirely in non-streaming formats. I saw his films via Theater, TV, VHS Tapes and DVD. Of course, I saw Season Three of his Twin Peaks series (The Return, 2017) via cable TV while caught up with the original Twin Peaks Series via both VHS and DVD. This also speaks to the limited output of his works over the last two decades. His last feature Inland Empire was released in 2006, while his feature debut Eraserhead came out in 1977. In total, he directed 10 Feature films, 40+ shorts, 4 TV series and many music videos, commercials and web series.

I did a spotlight on his works back in 2007 as I wanted to see all his previous features, shorts and TV series in anticipation of Inland Empire. Little did I know that after Inland Empire, no more features would be released although Twin Peaks: The Return did thankfully arrive and provided 18 incredible episodes, some of those episodes packing more punch than any feature film.

Here is a ranking of his 10 features roughly in order of preference. Unlike some others, I do not consider Twin Peaks: The Return to be a film which is why I am not including any of those 18 episodes or the entire series in this ranking.

1. Mulholland Drive (2001)

Silencio. Then fade to black. Yet, many questions linger long after this intriguing puzzle of a film ends. Mulholland Drive is a perfect encapsulation of David Lynch’s style and contains a refined version of elements, character types one has seen in his other films.

2. Eraserhead (1977)

A cinematic treasure! A true measure of a film is that it transcends time and remains fresh no matter which decade it is watched in. It is hard to believe that Eraserhead was released almost 5 decades ago. Even today, very few films can match the cinematic richness that David Lynch offered with his debut film. This black and white film is one of those works that are tailormade for film studies courses -- hours can be spent discussing the lighting, the dreamy imagery, the haunting background score and the abundant symbolism. For example, the alien baby that Henry and his girlfriend have provides enough material for dissection -- the baby represents an alien creature who imposes on the life of this couple and alienates them further. That the baby looks like an alien only reinforces the idea. This is a film that needs to be watched with all the lights off and is a work that one can easily be lost in.

3. Blue Velvet (1986)

This film and its many images, especially the severed ear, are forever etched in cinematic history. The movie starts and ends up in a happy white picket fenced town. But between those scenes, we are introduced to a strange world where evil people lurk. That strangeness is now associated with the Lynchian term and helped usher in a new cinematic language.

4. The Straight Story (1999)

This is the most straightforward (no pun intended) film that David Lynch directed. If one didn't look at the credits, then one would never know that David Lynch was behind this work as the film is devoid of his auteur signposts. At least Elephant Man includes a few dream sequences which hints at the director's familiar style but The Straight Story is a clean and emotional journey. The film also turned out to be the last work of Richard Farnsworth and this is clearly his movie from the first frame. Farnsworth plays Alvin Straight, a man who undertakes a 300+ mile journey on a lawn-mower to see his brother, Lyle. The two brothers have not talked in almost a decade after a falling out, but after Lyle has a stroke, Alvin decides he needs to make this journey on his own terms to set things right.

We get to see the wide-open road, beautiful fields and shining stars as Alvin makes his brave journey. Along the way, he encounters an interesting collection of people (a runaway teenager, competition cyclists, a deer-loving woman who is agonized by deers hitting her car on a weekly basis) and wins everyone over (except the deer loving woman who is in too much grief) with his straightforward no-nonsense approach to life.

Based on a true story, The Straight Story is well acted and leisurely paced so that we can soak up every minute of clean country air.

5. The Elephant Man (1980)

With the exception of the opening and closing scenes, the rest of the film is a linear humane story. On top of that, the locale is Victorian England, not America, which sets this apart from other Lynch films. However, this Black and White feature is an appropriate follow-up to Eraserhead. Both The Elephant Man and Eraserhead start with images of birth -- in Eraserhead, we see an alien life form taking shape whereas in The Elephant Man, we see how a woman's child will be disfigured and take on the title of Elephant Man. The performances of Anthony Hopkins and John Hurt are top-notch and the screenplay is highly touching. Even though the story is inspired by a real tale, the movie has shades of the The Hunchback of Notre Dame.

6. Inland Empire (2006)

Worm holes, time travel, multiple characters, dreams, imagination, Lynch’s subconscious mind and Laura Dern’s magnificent face which stretches to whatever emotion is required of her. Inland Empire feels like the essence of Mulholland Drive drugged with the time travel element from Lost Highway with a tiny dash of bizarre from Twin Peaks. It is complicated, inaccessible but never dull or boring. This film makes Mulholland Drive look like an easily decipherable film. In Mulholland Drive, one can clearly draw a line between the dream and reality. But in Inland Empire we are dealing with multiple versions of dreams and reality which are further complicated by Laura Dern’s characters existing in both dream and real state in multiple space-time fields (L.A, Poland).

One way to describe this film is that it is akin to hyperlinks on the internet – we jump from one link to another and so on. Eventually, near the end of the movie, we are simply hitting the ‘back’ arrow on the browser and are returned to our starting page. Along the way, we find related links and stories but they are all different. Another description is that the movie is reels projected across David Lynch’s mind acted out by Laura Dern whose face is a guide to what we should be looking for.

7. Lost Highway (1997)

The start of Lost Highway is echoed by Haneke’s Caché (2005). In both films, a couple gets videotapes where someone has recorded their home from the outside. In the Lost Highway the spy physically enters the couple's home and tapes them sleeping. However, in Caché, the spy does not physically enter the couple's home but penetrates the main character's psyche. That is where the differences between the two films end.

The dreamy version of L.A life that David Lynch has explored in his later films (Mulholland Drive, Inland Empire) are first found in Lost Highway. This film also contains building blocks used in Mulholland Drive as both films contain puzzles and mysteries which need to be unlocked. Lost Highway plays with the concept of time and space much more than Mulholland Drive although its plot isn’t as tightly bound as that of Mulholland Drive. Lost Highway has plenty of scenarios that don’t fit with the overall film structure whereas everything in Mulholland Drive is connected and wrapped up in one mysterious blue box!

8. Dune (1984)

It is fascinating to see how Frank Herbert’s book has led to two completely cinematic treatments. Denis Villeneuve’s two Dune films have gotten far more love than David Lynch’s 1984 version did. Yet, it is incredible to believe what Lynch accomplished back in 1984 as Dune was just his third feature. Back in the 1980s, the concept of multipart films didn’t exist so Lynch had to pack the contents of the entire Dune novel in just one film. That difficult task is something that Villeneuve was able to learn from and he took his time in telling the Dune story in two parts totaling over five hours in length, more than double the running time of Lynch’s version. In addition, Lynch didn’t have full creative control over the film. That aspect was much more common back in the day when studios exerted much more control over the final cut of the film.

The experience of working on Dune and its aftermath ensured that David Lynch followed a completely different path. After Dune, Lynch set out to create his own cinematic world rooted in Earth but still transcending space-time boundaries.

9. Twin Peaks:Fire Walk with me (1992)

The 1992 Twin Peaks film serves as a prequel to the 1990 TV series and gave Lynch a chance to revisit Twin Peaks. Lynch expanded on the dream realm world in this film and incorporated elements that came to define his future works. For example, the green ring and the dreams have the same mystery appeal as the blue box in Mulholland Drive.

10. Wild at Heart (1990)

My least favourite David Lynch film happens to the one that won him the Palme d’Or at Cannes 1990. The acting performances are indeed prizeworthy but not the story and treatment. Of course, over the last three decades, far more awful films have gone on to win the Palme d’Or so at least Lynch got a Palme d’Or, one that he surely deserved for Mulholland Drive (won best director instead).

Best Films of 2023

As 2024 draws to a close and Best of 2024 Film Lists are published, I am finally ready to publish an updated Best of 2023 list. It has taken me almost two years to catch up with many of the worthy 2023 films. This list updates the previous 2023 list.

Best Films of 2023

1. Past Lives (USA/South Korea, Celine Song)

A tender emotionally beautiful film. Like a soothing piece of music.

2. La Chimera (Italy/France/Switzerland/Turkey, Alice Rohrwacher)

A warm shape shifting film that tugs at both the mind and heart.

3. Close Your Eyes (Spain/Argentina, Victor Erice)

Erice returns after a long spell to deliver pure cinema! A film that reminds of cinema’s power to evoke memories. The kind of cinema that feels rare nowadays.

4. Eureka (Argentina co-production, Lisandro Alonso)

Another exciting cinematic work from a master filmmaker. Alonso expands his lens in a manner that recalls the hyperconnected world of Eduardo Williams' The Human Surge.

5. The Taste of Things (France/Belgium, Trần Anh Hùng)

A lovely film that takes us on a food journey from growing ingredients to careful food preparation ending with pleasures of food consumption. The film is also a tender love story forged over food and extends the statement “that the way to a man’s heart is through his stomach.” Because in this film, a man also cooks for a woman, thereby making the kitchen an equal space for men-women to neatly perform their food dance.

6. Godzilla Minus One (Japan, Takashi Yamazaki)

Shin Godzilla was about logistics and problem solving while Godzilla Minus One smartly builds on that and depicts how to use engineering to solve a very large Godzilla problem.

7. Laapataa Ladies (India, Kiran Rao)

Kiran Rao and writers Biplab Goswami, Divyanidhi Sharma, Sneha Desai have done an outstanding job by seamlessly stitching socially relevant topics within the fabric of a humorous comedic film.

8. The Delinquents (Argentina/Luxembourg/Brazil/Chile, Rodrigo Moreno)

Takes the bank fraud at core of the 1949 Argentine film Apenas un delincuente and transforms it into a languid stroll through the countryside.

9. How to have Sex (UK/Greece/France/Belgium, Molly Manning Walker)

At first, this appears to be cut from the same cloth as Spring Breakers but the film digs deeper into how men can still circumvent consent in a post #MeToo world.

10. 12th Fail (India, Vidhu Vinod Chopra)

It is hard to believe that Vidhu Vinod Chopra, a major name in Indian Cinema, has made one of the best films of his career at the age of 70 (he is 71 now). 12th Fail is a film stripped of any fat and with a singular focus. The struggles of exams and getting a job in India have been documented in cinema before but Chopra has infused the film with plenty of hope.  Part of the reason for that could be that the film is based on the real life story of Manoj Kumar Sharma and Shraddha Joshi and highlights how that there was always a ray of hope around the corner for the main character despite many pitfalls.

Honourable Mentions (in order of preference):

Kho Gaye Hum Kahan (India, Arjun Varain Singh)

A highly relevant contemporary film that depicts impact of social media on current generation. The film is set in Mumbai but the scenarios and characters can be found in most internet-connected nations around the world.

Evil Does Not Exist (Japan, Ryusuke Hamaguchi)

Keeps thing on a slow burn until knocks you out with a silent emotional punch!

Inside the Yellow Cocoon Shell (Vietnam co-production, Thien An Pham)

An earthy interpretation of Apichatpong’s spiritual cinema.

La Cancha (Canada, Mustafa Uzuner)

Mustafa Uzuner lovingly depicts how a community basketball court in Montreal can be a meditation on life and social connections. Pure cinema.

Io Capitano (Italy/Belgium/France, Matteo Garrone)

A film that goes beyond the headlines and depicts the perilous journey of its two characters from Senegal to Italy. Garrone also shows how communities spring up and sustain characters in cities/nations that find themselves at centre of migration.

Do Not Expect Too Much From the End of the World (Romania co-production, Radu Jude)

One of the funniest films of the year that manages to take a dig at lengths corporations go to manufacture/sustain their social image. The constant social media attention of main character means she wouldn’t be out of place with the characters in Kho Gaye Hum Kahan.

Mast Mein Rehne Ka (India, Vijay Maurya)

Samsara (Spain,  Lois Patiño) 

Blackberry (Canada, Matt Johnson)

The Settlers (Chile co-production, Felipe Gálvez Haberle)

About Dry Grasses (Turkey/France/Germany/Sweden, Nuri Bilge Ceylan)

Worthy 2022 films seen in 2024: 

Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam (India, Lijo Jose Pellissery)

Trenque Lauquen (Argentina/Germany, Laura Citarella)

The Beasts (Spain/France, Rodrigo Sorogoyen)

Showing Up (USA, Kelly Reichardt)

Zwigato (India, Nandita Das)

Uses an example of a food delivery worker to provide a smart commentary on plight of workers in our current tech savvy app driven world.

Hong Sang-soo watch, part III

This is a follow-up to the previous post where I had managed to see 30 / 32 Hong Sang-soo features to date. Since that post, I have managed to see In Our Day which now brings my total to 31 / 32 films. That means the only remaining film is his newest, the 32nd film By the Stream (2024), which will get a proper theatrical release in 2025. This is the closest I have come to having seen all of his features. Of course, I know he will release multiple films next year so the gap will widen again.

1. The Day a Pig Fell Into the Well (1996)
2. The Power of Kangwon Province (1998)
3. Virgin Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors (2000)
4. On the Occasion of Remembering the Turning Gate (2002)
5. Woman Is the Future of Man (2004)
6. Tale of Cinema (2005)
7. Woman on the Beach (2006)
8. Night and Day (2008)
9. Like You Know It All (2009)
10. Hahaha (2010)
11. Oki’s Movie (2010)
12. The Day He Arrives (2011)
13. In Another Country (2012)
14. Nobody’s Daughter Haewon (2013)
15. Our Sunhi (2013)
16. Hill of Freedom (2014)
17. Right Now, Wrong Then (2015)
18. Yourself and Yours (2016)
19. On the Beach at Night Alone (2017)
20. Claire’s Camera (2017)
21. The Day After (2017)
22. Grass (2018)
23. Hotel by the River (2018)
24. The Woman Who Ran (2020)
25. Introduction (2021)
26. In Front of Your Face (2021)
27. The Novelist’s Film (2022)
28. Walk Up (2022)
29. In Water (2023)
30. In Our Day (2023)
31. A Traveler’s Needs (2024)
32. By the Stream (2024)

The Top 10 Hong Sang-soo films list still stays the same

1. Right Now, Wrong Then (2015)
2. The Day He Arrives (2011)
3. Tale of Cinema (2005)
4. Like You Know It All (2009)
5. The Day After (2017)
6. In Front of Your Face (2021)
7. Woman Is the Future of Man (2004)
8. On the Beach at Night Alone (2017)
9. Night and Day (2008)
10. In Another Country (2012)

Top Food Films

This list of Best Food Films is long overdue. In the past, I tried to do a proper Food Cinema series for the Cinematheque but the series never happened. As consolation, I programmed a few contemporary food related films for various film festivals but a proper spotlight was always elusive. In a way, the delay was perhaps meant to be considering that the top 2 films in this list have been released in the last 3 years. Now, the timing is right.

Top 20 Food Films

1. The Taste of Things (2023, France/Belgium, Trần Anh Hùng)

A lovely film that takes us from the journey of growing food, sourcing local ingredients, careful food preparation ending with food consumption. This is that rare film that lets us hear the moaning pleasure of having that delicious dish while also showcasing the glutinous nature of devouring vast amounts of food. The film is also a tender love story forged over food and extends the statement “that the way to a man’s heart is through his stomach.” Because in this film, a man also cooks for a woman, thereby making the kitchen an equal space for men-women to neatly perform their food dance.

2. The Great Indian Kitchen (2021, India, Jeo Baby)

The film, true to its title, showcases scrumptious dishes being prepared. The food preparation and techniques are shown in incredible detail but it becomes apparent that the film is more than about food and the kitchen is more than just a space to make food. The difference in roles of the husband and wife are emphasized as are the expectations of a woman in some segments of society. The Great Indian Kitchen is in stark contrast to The Taste of Things in showing the different roles of men-women in a kitchen. The Taste of things shows a more equitable kitchen but Jeo Baby’s indian film transforms a kitchen as an isolated prison for a woman forced to cook.

Even though this film is rooted in South India, aspects about marriage and treatment of women are applicable to many other patriarchal societies around the world. Credit to the director Jeo Baby of how this depiction is shown, by repetition of the same tasks, which definitely produces a visceral reaction.

3. Tampopo (1985, Japan, Jûzô Itami)

The pleasure of food consumption is shown in all its glory highlighted by this scene of how to properly eat a bowl of ramen. The film is hilarious, thoughtful and makes one hungry.

4. The Lunchbox (2013, India/France/Germany/US/Canada, Ritesh Batra)

Another tender love story forged over meals but in this case, for the longest time, the cook and the eater don’t share the same space. In fact, their meals are transported in the tiffins which exchange many hands as their long journey via trains, bicycles and walking.

5. Pig (2021, US/UK, Michael Sarnoski)

Pig covers many aspects of the food business process, right from procuring ingredients to suppliers who distribute those ingredients to restaurants to chefs who use or misuse those ingredients. In addition, the film also highlights the fickle nature of restaurants and trends and smartly shows how memory is tied with our food experiences. The sun is hardly seen during the film and the overcast look enhances the film’s mood and energy, which in one incredible sequence channels the same spirit as that of Fight Club.

6. Eat Drink Man Woman (1994, Taiwan/US, Ang Lee)

The food preparation is shown in loving detail in addition to how food brings a family together.

7. The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014, US/UAE/India, Lasse Hallström)

Food preparation and recipes are at the core of this film but like Ratatouille, The Hundred-Foot Journey challenges the notion of who can cook and be considered a chef.

8. Ratatouille (2007, US, Brad Bird/Jan Pinkava)

Food preparation is in focus but film also illustrates the role critics play in increasing a restaurant and a chef’s fame. There is also a challenge to traditional notion of who can cook and who is worthy to be considered a chef. And all of these are neatly packaged in a glossy animated gift.

9. Big Night (1996, US, Campbell Scott/Stanley Tucci)

Even though restaurants are featured in other films on this list, Big Night focuses more on the nut and bolts of the restaurant business and what it takes to keep the lights on. Also, pasta is highlighted unlike most films on this list.

10. Babette’s Feast (1987, Denmark, Gabriel Axel)

Babette’s Feast is the ultimate food movie and for the longest time was #1 on this list. In spirit, this film is a precursor to The Taste of Things. While The Taste of Things keeps the food circle small, Babette’s Feast focuses on a village and community.

11. Like Water for Chocolate (1992, Mexico, Alfonso Arau)

Like Water for Chocolate emphasizes how love is an invisible yet key ingredient in food dishes. This film hammers that point home when in the absence of love, sadness and tears turn the dish bitter.

12. Mid-August Lunch (2008, Italy, Gianni Di Gregorio)

No matter the age, people love to eat. And some love to cook even more. Easily, one of the most charming and light hearted films about food on the list. As a bonus, this tender film features a different age category than the other films on this list.

13. Jiro Dreams of Sushi (2011, US, David Gelb)

The only documentary on this list. Pure brilliance.

14. In The Mood for Love (2000, Hong Kong/France, Wong Kar-Wai)

The act of picking food up from stalls is elevated in the most seductive manner via “Yumeji’s Theme” used for the noodle-stand scene between Maggie Cheung and Tony Chiu-Wai Leung’s characters. There is no dialogue in the scene and the score turns a normal occurrence of going to the noodle stand into a seductive waltz. 

15. Ramen Shop (2018, Singapore/Japan/France, Eric Khoo)

In the tradition of Tampopo and Eat Drink Man Woman, Ramen Shop is a mouth-watering film that scrumptiously shows that in different cultures, food is more than just sustenance. The film covers the incredible Singaporean food scene and also depicts a way to combine Japanese and Singaporean food cultures in a unique manner. Ramen Shop also shows that how a food can lead to a love story, which in this case is via the Singaporean dish Bak kut teh (Pork rib soup).

16. Hunger (2023, Thailand, Sitisiri Mongkolsiri)

Hunger highlights the cut-throat food competition that fuels some chefs to create new dishes. The film also gets to the core of what makes a soulful dish and pits street food vs high end cuisine.

17. Ravening (2018, India, Bhaskar Hazarika)

Aamis (Ravening) boldly pushes the boundaries of food by covering the vastly different dishes that exist in North East India, dishes which turn our entire conception of Indian food on its head. The film then goes into even more uncharted territory by including an ingredient that will make people squirm in their seats.

18. East Side Sushi (2014, US, Anthony Lucero)

Fusion of different food cultures is highlighted along with the struggle a chef has in establishing her mark in a culinary world that often looks at a person’s gender or ethnicity rather than letting their dish do all the talking.

19. The Menu (2022, US, Mark Mylod)

The first 20 minutes are a beautiful testament to the perfection some chefs seek in preparing their dishes. Then the film changes course completely and descends into a much more gory territory.

20. Chef (2014, US, Jon Favreau)

Covers food trucks and the how that has played an important part in the North American food culture over the last few decades.

The films of Jean-Pierre Mocky

Notes on three films directed by Jean-Pierre Mocky:

Les Dragueurs / The Chasers (1959)

Litan (1982)

À mort l'arbitre! / Kill the Referee (1984)

I hadn't heard about Jean-Pierre Mocky until I came across Radiance's trilogy.

The title Kill the Referee stood out because but it was the same title of a Belgium documentary released in 2009. The Belgium doc Kill the Referee (co-directed by Yves Hinant, Eric Cardot, Delphine Lehericey) changed its title to The Referees, which is closer to the original title of Les Arbitres. The change felt appropriate given the hostility towards some refs in European competitions. Of course, back in 2009,  I had no idea that the title actually referenced Mocky's film title as I didn't come across Mocky's name when reading reviews about the Belgium documentary. The documentary touched the real life outrage and death threats directed towards referees, a similar idea used as a launching pad for Mocky's film which is based on the book The Death Penalty by Alfred Draper. 

In Mocky's Kill the Referee, a referee (Maurice Bruno played by Eddy Mitchell) gives multiple penalties against the away team causing their supporters to be enraged. Their supporters, led by the spirited Rico (Michel Serrault), blame the ref for the defeat and want to teach the ref a lesson. When they see the ref being interviewed by a local tv station, they arrive at the station and chase the ref and his girlfriend Martine (Carole Laure). Their chase leads them to a mall where Maurice and Martine are hiding. During their chase, Rico accidentally kills Béru, one of their group members. Instead of admitting his guilt, Rico tells everyone that ref killed Béru and now the entire group is out for the ref's blood. The chase for Maurice leads the group to Martine's apartment building, where there are some fights, death defying escapes from the building, and ultimately the group find themselves in a mine with Rico driving their team bus towards Maurice and Martine's vehicle. 

The film does exhibit the satirical style of Jean-Pierre Mocky with some over-the-top scenarios which results in an unexpected ending. In addition, there are some pertinent messages embedded in the film about mobs, the ref's behaviour, elites vs locals all depicted in B-style production values. The low-budget production values don't take away from the film's message and importance. 40 years after its release, the film is still highly relevant as refs find themselves under more fire in today's climate.

Welcome to Litan

Sci-fi, horror, mythology, folk stories are all meshed up in Jean-Pierre Mocky's film set in the village of Litan where strange occurrences take place. Litan starts off with a nightmare yet that pales in comparison to the events the main characters find themselves in. The scenarios need to be seen to believed as elements are taken from a blend of films such as locals' mind taken over by an entity, locals are frozen in a trance like state, acid waters which vaporizes a person's body.

There are plenty of creative ideas in Litan yet not all are coherent with scenes edited in a way that make it look like a real film exists somewhere on an editing table. Of course, given the low-budget nature of the production, the highly edited scenes are likely the final product.

The Chasers

Mocky's first film Les Dragueurs is the most polished of the three and a top-notch film that could easily be an extension of the French New Wave style, with the exception of the final third which depicts a sex-party / orgy set in a manor. The final third and the characters' journey through the Parisian night life is akin to the territory that Kubrick explored in Eyes Wide Shut (1999), a film based on Arthur Schnitzler's 1926 novella Dream Story.

Pushing boundaries

Mocky's Radiance trilogy is called The Agitator and the three films called provocations. A sentiment echoed by Emmanuel Macron who called Mr. Mocky “an eternal provocateur". The other description of his films center around low-budget nature of his productions and prolific nature of his films. He directed over 60 features, releasing a film every year, or twice a year.

Daniel E. Slotnik had this to say in Mocky's obit in 2019:

"Mr. Mocky was a contemporary of the French New Wave directors François Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard, a longtime friend. Like them, he relied on inexpensive equipment and swift shooting schedules. But his films, unlike theirs, were decidedly more grindhouse than art house. He subverted the perceived sophistication of French cinema and made unapologetically raw films that could alienate critics but draw audiences."

These words calling his films grindhouse may apply to Mocky's later films but Les Dragueurs is an exception to the above as the 1959 debut film is a work of art.

The Films of Vittorio De Seta

Spotlight on Vittorio De Seta with 10 short films and 1 feature film:

Islands of Fire (1955, short film)

Easter in Sicily (1955, short film)

Surfarara (1955, short film)

The Age of Swordfish (1955, short film)

Sea Countrymen (1955, short film)

Golden Parable (1955, short film)

A Day in Barbagia (1958, short film)

Orgosolo’s Shepherds (1958, short film)

Fishing Boats (1958, short film)

The Forgotten (1959, short film)

Bandits of Orgosolo (1961, feature film)

Essential films of Italian Cinema are more easily available than works of many other nations. However, this abundance still results in essential works being hidden away from the spotlight. Such is the case of Italian Director Vittorio De Seta whose films were not available until a restoration by Fondazione Cineteca di Bologna and The Film Foundation at L’Immagine Ritrovata laboratory in 2019. The 10 short documentary films are part of a programme called ‘The Lost World’ and available for viewing via criterionchannel.com and also bundled together with Bandits of Orgosolo via Radiance films.

Neorealism

Ehsan Khoshbakht describes Bandits of Orgosolo as a film that “revitalized neorealism” and it is easy to see why. Vittorio De Seta has made a film stripped of any excess and one that doesn’t contain any music at all. The lack of music heightens the bleak scenarios the main character finds himself in. Bandits of Orgosolo features shepherds playing themselves and their acting is minimalist to the point that it does even feel like acting. The entire film feels like a documentary, an aspect that owes to De Seta’s background as a documentary filmmaker. Bandits of Orgosolo looks and feels like a purer version of Italian Neorealism than Vittorio De Sica’s Bicycle Thieves which has more dramatic elements than De Seta’s film.

This brilliant film has resulted in a change in my Top Italian Films of all time list.

Sicilian Lives

Vittorio De Seta’s 10 documentary shorts depict the everyday lives of Sicilians. The shorts show locals engaged in different professions, such as mining (Surfarara), shepherding (Orgosolo’s Shepherds), fishing (The Age of Swordfish, Sea Countrymen, Fishing Boats), farming (Golden Parable). Majority of the films follow the men who go out to make a living so naturally, De Seta also documents the lives of women who look after the homes while their shepherd husbands are away at work (A Day in Barbagia). In addition, De Seta highlights the religious festivals and rituals associated with Sicily such as Easter in Sicily and The Forgotten. Given that Sicily is associated with volcanoes, De Seta documents that aspect as well. Islands of Fire, which won Best Short Documentary at Cannes 1955, shows how people are impacted by the hypnotic yet dangerous volcanic eruptions.

These 10 documentary shorts are precious in their historical cultural recording of Sicilian lives. It is no wonder that Marin Scorsese commented the following:

“It was as if De Seta were an anthropologist who spoke with the voice of a poet.”

“Here was cinema in its essence – where the filmmaker is not just recording reality but living it.”

As an aside, The “Feast of Silver” celebration in The Forgotten is similar to the one seen in Michelangelo Frammartino’s Le Quattro Volte (2010). 

Additional reading links

Kent Jones in Sight and Sound.

J. Hoberman on The ‘Lost World’ of Vittorio De Seta.

Kinji Fukasaku Spotlight, Part II

This is a follow-up post to the previous Kinji Fukasaku spotlight which focused on 7 of his Yakuza films. Previously, I associated Kinji Fukasaku’s name with Yakuza films. However, he worked on a diverse range of genres, from monster movies (The Green Slime) to police dramas, war films (Tora! Tora! Tora!, Under the Flag of the Rising Sun), political thrillers, sci-fi (Virus) to even comedy (Fall Guy). This part II looks at the following five films, with 3 non Yakuza films:

Hokori takaki chosen / The Proud Challenge (1962)

Sympathy for the Underdog (1971)

Under the Flag of the Rising Sun (1972)

Yakuza Graveyard (1976)

Fall Guy (1982)

Seeking the Truth

Hokori takaki chosen (The Proud Challenge) is a stellar noir film which depicts a journalist’s attempt to uncover an illegal arms trade racket in Southeast Asia. Kuroki (Kôji Tsuruta) works for a small newspaper Tekko Shinpo and we gather from snippets of dialogue that he once worked for a larger newspaper. The reason he isn’t with that larger newspaper is because of Kuroki’s investigation related to a story about the murder of a young woman, a case that has haunted him since then. As it turns out, his investigation of the arms sales finds him crossing path with that old murder case from almost a decade ago. 

The film has a thrilling energy akin to Yasuzô Masumura’s Black Test Car (1962), Black Report (1963), two films released around the same time. Interestingly, Kurosawa’s High and Low (1963) was released in 1963 as well marking a fascinating noir spell in Japanese cinema. However, since The Proud Challenge is a Kinji Fukasaku film, there is a political layer to the film (involving the Americans and an unnamed nation’s forces) and presence of criminal gangs, including both local and international.

Brutalities of War

Under the Flag of the Rising Sun depicts the brutality of war with unflinching honesty. The film centres around Sakie Togash (Sachiko Hidari), a widow, who would like to know the truth around her husband Sergeant Katsuo Togashi’s death during the end of World War II and why she still hasn’t received the pension owed to widows of fallen soldiers. She has spent the better part of 26 years in trying to find an answer but other than visiting the same offices and being the told the same things, she is nowhere near the truth. Her persistence finally rubs off on someone in the Welfare ministry who asks her to track down four comrades of her husband who are still alive. Sakie is told that if any of those 4 men can recount the truth and provide official testimony, then she may finally get the pension.

As Sakie tracks down the men, each of them has a different version of the story. The men don’t even reveal the full story at once but only give her snippets. She has no choice but to pay multiple visits to each person so that she can fact check the stories. What she finds out is beyond her imagination. The men talk of the brutal violence, starvation and deplorable conditions the soldiers found themselves in. They were forced to turn on each other, do whatever it took to stay alive including resorting to eating the flesh of dead soldiers. It turns out that Katsuo did his best to keep soldiers in his group alive, including turning on his superior, defying orders and saving the lives of his fellow soldiers at the cost of his own.

Fukasaku has included historical photographs of these savage wars fought in New Guinea, similar to actual images he used in the Battles Without Honor and Humanity series, which lends an air of realism to proceedings. History books in the West have no mention of these incident in New Guinea and the conditions that Japanese soldiers faced. Why would they? For the west, Japan was an advisory and as we know that history is written by the victors. Fukasaku, working from Yūki Shōji's stories of the same name, has made one of the best anti-war films ever yet it is a film that is hardly ever mentioned in the War Genre.

Lights, Camera, Action, Comedy, Death

Kinji Fukasaku’s Fall Guy has a completely different tone and feel from his other films and features a lot more comedic elements that seen in his other films. The film’s title is both a literal and figurative reference as it refers to Yasu (Mitsuru Hirata), a stunt actor, taking a death-defying fall in the film and also cleaning up the mess for his main actor, Ginshiro (Morio Kazama). When Ginshiro’s mistress Konatsu (Keiko Matsuzaka) is pregnant, he asks Yasu to marry her so that Ginshiro is not dragged into any controversy. Yasu agrees and goes out of his way to provide for Konatsu, including taking on more and more dangerous stunts to pay for Konatsu and their child’s future. This eventually leads to Yasu agreeing to fall down the largest stairs constructed in a Japanese film studio’s history so that Konatsu can live off his death insurance.

Of all the Kinji Fukasaku films, this one feels the most like a studio film, not only because of the studio setting but also because of the presence of the various characters who don’t add anything to the plot except comedic relief or an emotional impact. Yet, even in this studio framework, Fukasaku still shows a creative hand including the finale which is worthy wink to the audience. The film doesn’t have any reference to the US TV series The Fall Guy (1981-86) and in a way Yasu’s main character is a polar opposite to Lee Majors’ Colt Seavers character in the US TV show. Seavers character goes on regular death-defying adventures while Yasu struggles to stand up for himself. Eventually driven by the need to provide for Konatsu, Yasu starts getting braver leading to his legendary finale.

Gangs and Turf Wars

Gangsters released from prison are a common sight in many films. Sympathy for  the Underdog starts with that aspect and elevates depicting the gangster release with a Western genre touch. As Masuo Gunji (Kōji Tsuruta) is released after serving a 10 year sentence, the rustling of the leaves via the wind announces the arrival of a major outlaw who is not wearing a black hat but instead black shades. Gunji indeed fits the bill as a no-nonsense gangster who is willing to go to any lengths to claim what he believes is his right. However, he finds a different Yokohama than the one he left when we went to prison. Gunji’s old turf is taken over by a gang from Tokyo and his men are all split up. He gathers a few of his loyal men and decides to go to Okinawa, the remote Japanese island he believes resembles what Yokohama once was. Once they land in Okinawa, Gunji and his men gets a lay of the land and indeed find that they can easily wedge their way into the mix.

Kinji Fukasaku taps into historical elements in depicting a post WWII Okinawa, one where the US presence was still strong (US only returned Okinawa to Japan in 1972). This is depicted in the film via multiple shots of the American flag, heavy presence of American soldiers at night clubs and the multiple Jazz clubs. The Americans are also involved in the local alcohol business and have their armed men to take care of troublesome characters such as Gunji’s men. Similar to his other Yakuza films, Sympathy for the Underdog has a frantic energy to events and uses Dutch (slanted) camera angles at key moments to propel the action. The film also goes into detail about the logistics needed to run a criminal operation and how to carve out one’s own turf. Gunji is ruthless and doesn’t fear anyone yet he still operates via an unwritten honour code like the Yakuza characters in other Fukasaku films.

Cops vs Yakuza and Brotherhood

Yakuza Graveyard compliments Fukasaku’s other Yakuza films and the title of his 1975 film Cops vs Thugs could easily have applied to this film as well. In addition to showing the cops vs gangs rivalry, Yakuza Graveyard also shows how the two groups work together unofficially via sharing of information and in some cases via bribery/corruption. The Yakuza reward the police through money, alcohol and women but the line is drawn at an official brotherhood between the two. This is what both Kuroiwa (Tetsuya Watari), the tough as nails cop, and Iwata (Tatsuo Umemiya), the hot boiled Yakuza, form much to the shock of their respective bosses. At first, both Kuroiwa and Iwata are enemies and beat the heck out of each other. However, Iwata sees their similarity and starts to respect Kuroiwa. The two officially take a brotherhood pact which puts both of them in hot water, leading to both the cops and Yakuza wanting to put away the two men. 

Yakuza Graveyard is a brilliant film and stands out from Fukasaku’s other stellar Yakuza films. The film emphasizes the honour and trust code that exist between men and despite all the fighting and blood spilled, the film has an emotional beating heart. This is easily one of the best Yakuza films out there and that is not an easy feat in a very crowded yakuza film market. The film also has a key acting role by legendary Japanese director Nagisa Ôshima.

Part II conclusion

My admiration for Fukasaku has gone up via the 5 films seen in this spotlight. His yakuza films are not just pure violence but instead he uses historical incidents and characters (films have actual photographs inserted) as the basis for his films. In this regard, he is documenting Japanese society post WWII especially that of Hiroshima in the Battles Without Honor and Humanity series, Okinawa in Sympathy for the Underdog. Fukasaku documents the plight of Japanese soldiers in New Guinea Under the Flag of the Rising Sun.

There is a planned Part III Kinji Fukasaku spotlight, one which will focus on his other key Yakuza films while highlighting some more non-Yakuza movies.